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Diseases involving bladder are of various types.
Infection – Bacterial cystitis, tuberculous cystitis and schistosomia affect bladder functions and produce dysurial hemoaturia.]
Neoplasia – Various neoplasms can affect bladder producing hematuria. They may be benign like papilloma or malignant like transitional cell carcinoma.
Obstructive disease involving bladder can be produced by bladder calculi or congenital posterior urethral valve / prostatic hypertrophy .
The nervous supply to urinary bladder can be affected in spinal cord injuries or strokes producing characteristic clinical symptoms. The various types include autonomic bladder autonomous bladder & automatic bladder etc.,
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??????????? Bronchitis in the inflammation of mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes in the lung. It is caused by infections agents such as viruses, especially influenza virus, bacteria’s such as streptococcus, Pneumococcus, Staphylococcus, Haemophilus etc., Predisposing factors are exposive to cold, bronchial irritation caused by various physical and chemical agents like dusts and fumes, allergic factors also play a role.
Acute bronchitis in characterized by short severe course, marked by fever, cough, pain in the chest (“especially on coughing) and breathlessness.
??????????? Chronic bronchitis is characterized by cough associated with production of sputum for at least three consecutive months for more than two successive years. It is due to continued action of various types of irritants like cigarette smoke, dust, fumes etc.
??????????? Management consists of making the patient stop smoking, avoidance of dusty smoke laden atmosphere; infection should be treated with appropriate antibiotics. Bronchodilators are also used.
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??????????? Breast cancer is the commonest cancer of women. It affects women between 45 and 55 years of age. The first manifestation is a lump in the breasts. It is more common in women who are overweight, who have not borne children and breast -fed.
??????????? The tumour increases in size and invades other portions of breast. It also spreads through lymphatic vessels and by blood stream. It frequently metastasizes to bone, brain, liver, lung, adrenal glands ovaries etc.
??????????? Treatment depends on the stage of the disease. In early stages surgery in curative, but in later stages prognosis is poor and therapies available are hormonal therapy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy etc. Women should be urged to report to their doctors as soon as a lump in the breast is discovered.
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